With the introduction of Bitcoin by Nakamoto came a key underlying technology that holds great disruptive promise to many crucial industries: blockchain. Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger that has the potential to improve businesses operations. Based on trust, blockchain allows the parties involved in a business transaction to transact without the need to know each other. Blockchain can reduce costs, saves time and reduces business risk. More institutionalized businesses utilize cryptocurrency as a hedging strategy to reduce risk. We examine how blockchain works and shows how blockchain’s attributes can benefit businesses in every industry.

Economic nationalists distinguish between victors and losers in war. War can be profitable to the successful participant since the resulting territorial expansion provides new markets, resources, and commercial supremacy, all of which enhance the nation’s industrial production possibilities. Nationalists view the world as being divided into competing national entities. The Aum Shinrikyo cult of Japan launched a series of nerve gas attacks using the gas sarin that they developed themselves. In 1996, 17 scientists from Los Alamos assembled a dozen homemade nuclear bombs using technology available on the shelves of Radio Shack and nuclear fuel available on the black market. Accidents, misunderstandings, and oversights are a normal part of human life. To believe that we can somehow master and control technology especially lethal technology is nothing more than arrogance. The defense establishment focuses on what new technologies can do when often we should consider what they can not do and rethink if the technology is meaningful.

Blockchain or distributed ledger technology emerged over ten years ago as the underlying technology of bitcoin. Blockchain is a special kind of database with individual records or blocks linked together in a sequential list called chain of blocks. These records are validated by multiple nodes in peer-to-peer networks and they are immutable. It is a decentralized system, with no need for intermediaries where all decisions are made using different consensus mechanisms. High expectations from blockchain technology, combined with a lack of deeper knowledge about the technology are expressed in the results from the survey conducted on a sample of Croatian C-level and middle managers from various industries. The results appear to indicate that Croatian business leaders perceive that we are still in the early phase of adoption with management expecting some disruption in the future but expecting it to occur mostly in the information technology and financial industry.

Indonesia is the biggest economy in the southeast Asia. This paper investigates the earnings management behavior of Indonesian public firms. The earnings management activities have been divided into three parts. Namely, accrual earnings management, real earnings management and fraud detection. Our findings indicate that earnings management activities are common for Indonesian firms. Firm size and asset growth have significant relationship associated, with various directions, with both accrual earnings management and real management activities for Indonesian firms. We also find that firm size, asset growth, ROE, and debt ratio consistently have significant relationship to real earnings management. In predicting the possibility of Indonesian firm to commit financial fraud, we find that manipulating gross margin, sales growth, depreciations and expenses related to sales and general administration is common seen from fraudulent firms in Indonesia.

Indonesia is the biggest economy in the southeast Asia. This paper investigates the earnings management behavior of Indonesian public firms. The earnings management activities have been divided into three parts. Namely, accrual earnings management, real earnings management and fraud detection. Our findings indicate that earnings management activities are common for Indonesian firms. Firm size and asset growth have significant relationship associated, with various directions, with both accrual earnings management and real management activities for Indonesian firms. We also find that firm size, asset growth, ROE, and debt ratio consistently have significant relationship to real earnings management. In predicting the possibility of Indonesian firm to commit financial fraud, we find that manipulating gross margin, sales growth, depreciations and expenses related to sales and general administration is common seen from fraudulent firms in Indonesia.